Thursday, 25 February 2016
Sunday, 8 November 2015
Monday, 14 September 2015
Saturday, 22 August 2015
SUCCESS .IN IAS,IPS AND OTHER CIVIL SERVICESEXAMINATIONS.
SUCCESS IN CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATIONS
The civil services
examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission, Government of
India, New Delhi Union Territories
The
examination is conducted every year, involving three phases, namely,
preliminary examination, main (written) examination and personality test. Any
aspiring candidate with graduation and aged not less than 21 years can sit for
the examination. The level of competition is used to be very intense Unless one
is intellectually sound, studious to the core, hard-working like a bee,
enthusiastic of the top order and articulative with high level of presence of
mind, coming through the examination is a rarity. The element of luck, chance
and such things are distilled out and only real talents and performance ensure
one's success. Preparing for competitive examination is different from
preparing for the university examinations. Unlike the university examinations,
competitive examinations are of filtering type. Intensive and extensive
preparation and great seriousness are needed for coming through in this
competitive examinati From
time to time, changes have been made in the structure to meet the emerging
challenges. Many experts and panels had
advocated laying greater emphasis on the
‘aptitude ‘ of candidates than on their knowledge of a subject. Accordingly, the format of preliminary examination has been changed..
The new Civil Services Preliminary
Examination would consist of two papers.
Paper I, General Studies and paper II, Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT)
carrying 200 marks each of 2 hours duration.
Paper I consists of current events of national and international
importance, History, Geography, Economics and Social development, Indian
polity, environmental studies and general science. The newly introduced paper II (CSAT) consist
of the following.
v Comprehension,
v Interpersonal
skills including communication skills,
v Logical
reasoning and analytical ability,
v Decision-making
and problem solving,
v General
mental ability,
v Basic
numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc. (Class X
level), Data interpretation-charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency, etc.
(Class X level)
v English
language comprehension skills (Class X level)
The
proposed system of CSAT provides equal opportunities for all..
Major Implications of CSAT :
Now, the proposed system of CSAT
provides equal opportunities for all candidates because there is no subject
bias as in the previous system due to different optional papers.
Now, the cognitive and application
skills of the aspirants are tested rather than their ability to memorise their subjects theoretically.
Now the weightage for general
studies has been increased from 33.3%
(150 in 450 marks earlier) to
50% (200 in 400 marks)
In the present system, much
importance is given to English language
comprehension skills,. The
experts opined that the sample questions released by the Union Public Service
Commission (UPSC) indicate the requirements of a fairly high level of English
competency
Since Analytical ability
and logical reasoning are given lot of importance, aspirants must develop their
Mathematical ability and knowledge. A
civil servant should be conversant with numbers, financial and quantitative
data, budgets etc.
Also, in the new system there is a
special emphasis on decision making
skills. The ability of
decision making involves taking a right decisions with moral
and ethical values instead of taking facts-based decision. The decision making ability plays a vital
role since a civil servant has to face and decide the real life situations.
Advantages:
The new pattern offers several advantages for the aspirants.
Since
Analytical ability and logical reasoning are given lot of importance, aspirants
must develop their Mathematical ability and knowledge. A civil servant should be conversant with
numbers, financial and quantitative data, budgets etc.
Also, in the new system there is a
special emphasis on decision making
skills. The ability of
decision making involves taking a right decisions with moral
and ethical values instead of taking facts-based decision. The decision making ability plays a vital
role si This preparation is very much useful to several exams in the government
sector like banks, defence and engineering services. So once the candidate prepares well with strenuous effort, it will be a knowledge
assert to him/her even though he/she meets failure in some attempts.
More
professional course students, particularly, engineering graduates are getting
drawn to civil services and the new pattern will be an advantage to a great
extent.
SCHOOL-COLLEGE STUDIES & ENVIRONMENT AND
PERFORMANCE
Performance in
competitive examinations is a function of the kind of school and college
studies and environment that the candidates are exposed to. The knowledge and
skill of the candidates that the civil services (written) examination requires
and the personality of candidates that the civil services (interview)
examination requires are acquired not over a span of short period (ie., the one
or two years of preparation for the examination) but over a very long period
spanning from school-college times of the candidates.
The fact that many IAS
toppers were graduates of the IITs and also the fact that the top ten
universities/institutes producing maximum number of higher civil service
personnel happened to be the university of Delhi, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, Punjab
University and so on, reflected that the influence of school- college
environment on performance of candidates is nontheless significant.
School education is of
the formative type wherein the seeds of personality development, the culture of
hardwork, the art of effective communication etc. are sown. The college
education is oriented towards deeper and critical learning of limited number of
related disciplines with emphasis on practical application and social purpose.
The type of studies and environment in the schools and colleges critically
affect the standards of performance of candidates in the civil services
examination. A school college environment that encourages pupils "to
think, to argue, to suggest and to solve" is the one that can deliver the
goods.
Factor such as (i) the
medium of instruction, (ii) the general education environment at school and
colleges consisting of facilities such as library, laboratory and sports,
encouragement for academic competition, quality of instruction, thrust on
learning, encouragement by the teachers, emphasis on discipline and values,
special coaching and overall learning environment, (iii)special reading habits
developed by candidates at school and college days, (iv) stress on
extra-curricular activities, (v) marks scored and (vi) encouragement and help
from teachers and friends would depict the kind of school – college studies and
environment.
Special Reading Habits and Performance
For the exacting
standards of civil services examination, extra and special reading habits right
from school days are found necessary. Reading newspapers, educational journals
and recreational/general journal is needed to broad-base the knowledge and
skill of the aspirants of civil services career. In these days of over crowded
schools and colleges with rigidly uniform curriculum and out dated teaching
techniques, there is a clear need for cultivating special reading habits
amongst the wards. The education system has become two much obsessed with
syllabus and examination, with scant regard given for experiential learning.
"Why shouldn't the teacher of geography teaching about soil, mountains or
rivers take students to the field? Why don't we teach our students mathematics
through puzzles, quizzes and other life examples? Why do laboratories play such
a small role in science teaching?" asks an educationist, Ambrose Pinto, in
his article in "The Hindu" on Education Column.
To compensate for the
lacunae of the system, extra and special reading be insisted upon to widen the
horizon of knowledge and deepen the level of understanding of the wards.
Suggestions for Civil Services Career aspirants :
·
Aspirants must develop special reading habits such as
regular reading of newspaper, journals and magazine. Extensive reading of
multiple newspapers and magazines is to be cultivated.
·
Aspirants must take interest in general studies and
current affairs right from school-college studies, so that general knowledge is
gained as a routine.
·
Aspirants must develop their lingual ability to do
well in the CSAT and also in the main (written) examination and the personality
test.
·
Engineering graduates in large number can come forward
to take up the civil services examination as their success rate is higher than
that of other students.
·
Candidates must capitalize on educational achievements
of their family members.
·
Candidates must develop their numerical ability and problem solving skills.
·
Candidates must practice to solve many puzzles in
mathematics. By writing model tests
under simulated environment, this skill can be developed.
·
Candidates must make complete and thorough Coverage of
syllabus, with additional stress on important topics.
·
At the examination, judicious allocation of time over
the number of questions to be answered is a must.
·
Candidates should not leave hope, even if the success
does not turn up in the first one or two
attempts. Experience gained from the
earlier attempts be used to one’s advantage in the next attempts.
·
Besides, one should choose quality coaching institute.
·
Hard work, methodical preparation, perseverance, etc,
are needed. Above all, great degree of
commitment and achievement motivation is a pre requisite for success in the
civil services examination.
nce a civil servant has to face and decide the real life
situation.
Friday, 21 August 2015
Applications of Quadratic Equations in real life.
Real World Examples of Quadratic Equations
An example of a Quadratic Equation:Here we have collected some examples for you, and solve each using different methods:
- Factoring Quadratics
- Completing the Square
- Graphing Quadratic Equations
- The Quadratic Formula
- Online Quadratic Equation Solver
- Take the real world description and make some equations
- Solve!
- Use your common sense to interpret the results
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Balls, Arrows, Missiles and StonesIf you throw a ball (or shoot an arrow, fire a missile or throw a stone) it will go up into the air, slowing down as it goes, then come down again ...
... and a Quadratic
Equation tells you where it will be!
Example: Throwing a BallA ball is thrown straight up, from 3 m above the ground, with a velocity of 14 m/s. When does it hit the ground? |
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The height starts at
3 m:
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3
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It travels upwards at
14 meters per second (14 m/s):
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14t
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Gravity pulls it
down, changing its speed by about 5 m/s per second (5 m/s2):
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-5t2
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(Note for the enthusiastic: the -5t2
is simplified from -(½)at2 with a=9.81
m/s2)
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And the ball will hit the ground, when the height is zero.
3 + 14t - 5t2 = 0
Which is a Quadratic
Equation ! In "Standard Form" it looks like:
-5t2 + 14t + 3 = 0
Let us solve it ...There are many ways to solve it, here we will use the factoring method:
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It will be easier if we multiply all terms by -1:
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5t2 − 14t − 3 = 0
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Now our job is to factor it. We will use the "Find two numbers that multiply to give a×c, and add to give b" method in Factoring Quadratics.
a×c = −15, and b = −14.
The positive factors of −15 are 1, 3, 5, 15, and one of the factors has to be negative. By trying a few combinations we find that −15 and 1 work (−15×1 = −15, and −15+1 = −14) |
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Rewrite middle with -15 and 1:
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5t2 − 15t + t − 3 = 0
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Factor first two and last two:
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5t(t − 3) + 1(t − 3) = 0
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Common Factor is (t - 3):
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(5t + 1)(t − 3) = 0
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And the two solutions are:
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5t + 1 = 0 or t − 3 = 0
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t = −0.2 or t = 3
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The "t = 3" is the answer we want:
The ball hits the ground after 3 seconds!
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Here is the graph of the Parabola h = -5t2 + 14t + 3 It shows you the height of the ball vs time Some interesting points: (0,3) When t=0 (at the start) the ball is at 3 m (-0.2,0) Says that -0.2 seconds BEFORE we threw the ball it was at ground level ... this never happened, so our common sense says to ignore it! (3,0) Says that at 3 seconds the ball is at ground level. Note also that the ball reaches nearly 13 meters high. |
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Find where (along the horizontal axis) the top occurs using -b/2a:
- t = -b/2a = -(-14)/(2 × 5) = 14/10 = 1.4 seconds
- h = -5t2 + 14t + 3 = -5(1.4)2 + 14 × 1.4 + 3 = 12.8 meters
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Example: New Sports BikeYou have designed a new style of sports bicycle!Now you want to make lots of them and sell them for profit. |
- $700,000 for manufacturing set-up costs, advertising, etc
- $110 to make each bike
Based on similar bikes, you can expect sales to follow this
"Demand Curve":
For example, if you set the price:
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Let us make some equations!
How many you sell depends on price, so use "P" for Price as the variable
- Unit Sales = 70,000 - 200P
- Sales in Dollars = Units × Price = (70,000 - 200P) × P = 70,000P - 200P2
- Costs = 700,000 + 110 x (70,000 - 200P) = 700,000 + 7,700,000 - 22,000P = 8,400,000 - 22,000P
- Profit = Sales-Costs = 70,000P - 200P2 - (8,400,000 - 22,000P) = -200P2 + 92,000P - 8,400,000
Profit = -200P2 + 92,000P - 8,400,000
Yes, a Quadratic Equation. Let us solve this one by Completing the
Square.Solve: -200P2 + 92,000P - 8,400,000 = 0
Step 1 Divide all terms by -200
P2 – 460P + 42000 = 0
Step 2 Move the number term to the right side of the equation:
P2 – 460P = -42000
Step 3 Complete the square on the left side of the equation and
balance this by adding the same number to the right side of the equation:(b/2)2 = (-460/2)2 = (-230)2 = 52900
P2 – 460P + 52900 = -42000 + 52900
(P – 230)2 = 10900
Step 4 Take the square root on both sides of the equation:
P – 230 = ±√10900 = ±104 (to nearest whole number)
Step 5 Subtract (-230) from both sides (in other words, add 230):
P = 230 ± 104 = 126 or 334
What does that tell us? It says that the profit will be ZERO when the Price
is $126 or $334But we want to know the maximum profit, don't we?
It will be exactly half way in-between! At $230
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And here is the graph:
Profit = -200P2 + 92,000P - 8,400,000
The optimum sale price is $230, and you can expect:
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Example: Small Steel Frame
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Your company is going to make frames as part of a new product they are
launching. The frame will be cut out of a piece of steel, and to keep the weight down, the final area should be 28 cm2 The inside of the frame has to be 11 cm by 6 cm What should the width x of the metal be? |
Area = (11 + 2x) × (6 + 2x) cm2
Area = 66 + 22x + 12x + 4x2
Area = 4x2 + 34x + 66
Area of steel after cutting out the 11 × 6 middle:
Area = 4x2 + 34x + 66 - 66
Area = 4x2 + 34x
Let us solve this one graphically!
Here is the graph of 4x2 + 34x
:
The required area of 28 is shown as a horizontal line.The area equals 28 cm2 when:
x is approximately -9.3 or 0.8
The negative value of x make no sense, so the answer is:
x = 0.8 cm (approx.)
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Example: River Cruise
A 3 hour river cruise goes 15 km upstream and then back again. The river has a current of 2 km an hour. What is the boat's speed and how long was the upstream journey?
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There are two speeds to think about: the speed the boat makes in the water,
and the speed relative to the land:
time = distance /
speed
(if you travel 8 km at 4 km/h it
would take 8/4 = 2 hours, right?)
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total time = time
upstream + time downstream = 3 hours
Put all that together:
total time =
15/(x-2) + 15/(x+2) = 3 hours
Now we use our algebra skills to solve for "x".First, get rid of the fractions by multiplying through by (x-2)(x+2):
3(x-2)(x+2) = 15(x+2) +
15(x-2)
Expand everything:
3(x2-4) =
15x+30 + 15x-30
3x2 - 30x -
12 = 0
It is a Quadratic Equation! Let us solve it using the Quadratic
Formula:
Where a, b and c are from the
Quadratic Equation in "Standard Form": ax2 + bx + c = 0
Quadratic Equation in "Standard Form": ax2 + bx + c = 0
Solve 3x2 - 30x - 12 = 0
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Coefficients are:
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a = 3, b = -30 and c
= -12
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Quadratic Formula:
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x = [ -b ± √(b2-4ac) ] / 2a
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Put in a, b and c:
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x = [ -(-30) ± √((-30)2-4×3×(-12)) ] / (2×3)
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Solve:
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x = [ 30 ± √(900+144) ] / 6
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x = [ 30 ± √(1044) ] / 6
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x = ( 30 ± 32.31 ) / 6
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x = -0.39 or 10.39
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Answer: x = -0.39 or 10.39
(to 2 decimal places)
x =-0.39 makes no sense for this real world question, but x = 10.39 is just perfect!
Answer: Boat's
Speed = 10.39 km/h (to 2 decimal places)
And hence the upstream journey = 15 /
(10.39-2) = 1.79 hours = 1 hour 47min
And the downstream journey = 15 /
(10.39+2) = 1.21 hours = 1 hour 13min
Example: Resistors In Parallel
Two resistors are in parallel, like in this diagram:What are the values of the two resistors?
The formula to work out total resistance "RT" is:
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1
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=
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1
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+
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1
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RT
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R1
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R2
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1
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=
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1
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+
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1
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2
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R1
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R1+3
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Get rid of the
fractions by multiplying
all terms by 2R1(R1 + 3): |
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Simplify:
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R1(R1 + 3) = 2(R1
+ 3) + 2R1
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Expand to:
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R12 + 3R1
= 2R1 + 6 + 2R1
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Bring all terms to
the left:
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R12 + 3R1
- 2R1 - 6 - 2R1 = 0
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Simplify:
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R12 - R1
- 6 = 0
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Let us solve it using our Quadratic Equation Solver.
- Enter 1, -1 and -6
- And you should get the answers -2 and 3
The two resistors are 3 ohms and 6 ohms.
Others
Quadratic Equations are useful in many other areas:|
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For a parabolic mirror, a reflecting telescope or a
satellite dish, the shape is defined by a quadratic equation.
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And many questions involving time, distance and speed need quadratic equations.
I am pretty sure that economists need to use quadratic equations, too!
Quadratic
Equations Factoring
Quadratics Completing the
Square Graphing
Quadratic Equations Quadratic
Equation Solver Algebra
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Efficient solutions to the vehicle routing problem require tools from combinatorial
optimization and integer programming.
Applied mathematics is a branch of mathematics
that concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business,
and industry. Thus, "applied mathematics" is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge. The term "applied
mathematics" also describes the professional
specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems; as a profession
focused on practical problems, applied mathematics focuses on the
formulation and study of mathematical models. In the past, practical
applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which
then became the subject of study in pure mathematics,
where mathematics is developed primarily for its own sake. Thus, the activity
of applied mathematics is vitally connected with research in pure mathemati
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